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Fast Food Analysis ; Kaelan, Chang Han, Mason, Howe

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1tYyOcugaZDghTOOzJFq1C6KJvFqtRnTt3jv3YG8aWGc/edit?usp=sharing

Bio Nutrition Analysis (Wai Kit, Ryan Tan, River, Farrell)

Macs, Texas Chicken, Burger King, Wendy's

1. McDonald’s- Fillet O’ Fish

Serving Size 156g

Calories (kcal) -> 470

Proteins (g) -> 15

Fat (g) -> 26

Saturated Fat (g) -> 5

Carbohydrates (g) -> 45

Sodiums (mg) -> 730

Cholesterol (mg) -> 50

Dietary Fibres (g) -> 1

Sugars 5g

This burger is made of fried fish and vegetable. Although fish is good for our health as it contains abundant proteins and unsaturated fatty acids, fried fish increases the heart attack risk to diners by almost 50 per cent. In contrast of drop off the risk of heart disease, frying the fish destroy the nutritional value of itself. Every fried food does no good for health certainly. It contribute to obesity and exaggerate the possibility of serious of disease.

1. Burger king- Whopper

Serving Size 291g

Calories (kcal) -> 678

Proteins (g) -> 31

Fat (g) -> 37

Saturated Fat (g) -> 12

Carbohydrates (g) -> 45

Sodiums (mg) -> 911

Cholesterol (mg) -> 87

Dietary Fibres (g) -> 5

Sugars 12g

Whopper-With a single beef patty and lots of crunchy vegetables, in mayonnaise and tomato sauce. The whopper looks deceptively healthy. However, its ingredients contain a lot of preservatives, from the beef patty to the vegetables. It is also highly rich in sodium, calories and trans fats. 

This combination is a recipe for disaster which leads straight to obesity, along with increased risk of diabetes and cancer.

1. Wendy’s- Beef Baconator

Serving Size 282g

Calories (kcal) -> 750

Proteins (g) -> 234

Fat (g) -> 29

Saturated Fat (g) -> 12

Carbohydrates (g) -> 45

Sodiums (mg) -> 1460

Cholesterol (mg) -> 100

Dietary Fibres (g) -> 3

Sugars 11g

Beef Baconator- High in saturated and trans fats, High in preservatives due to processed and preserved ingredients, extremely high in calories and sodium.

The combination of high sodium, fats and calories, leads to obesity easily. It also leads to increased risk of cancer due to preservatives and also type 2 diabetes. 

Regular consumption of burgers without anything else may lead to malnutrition due to lack of other vitamins not present in the burger, such as vitamin D.

1. Texas Chicken- Tex Supreme

Serving Size 357g

Calories (kcal) -> 965

Proteins (g) -> 49

Fat (g) -> 62

Saturated Fat (g) -> 24

Carbohydrates (g) -> 57

Sodiums (mg) -> 720

Cholesterol (mg) -> 153

Dietary Fibres (g) -> 5

Sugars 14g

Tex supreme- Extra cheese inside this burger provide excess fat. Unsaturated fats are thought to reduce the cholesterol level in the blood. During food production, the high heat can convert the unsaturated fats into trans fats. The risk of coronary heart disease, certain forms of cancer (breast cancer) and conditions like diabetes will therefore increased. High blood pressure is also concerned.

Solutions

One of the main ways that fast food restaurants cam make their menus healthier is to change the ingredients taht they use to make their burgers. For example, regular cooking oil can be replaced with olive oil or to simply reduce the amount of oil used. the portions of carbohydrates, vegetables and meat should also be changed to fit the food pyramid. This will ensure that consumers will get the right amounts of all nutrients. Also, fast food restaurants can change the drinks that they sell. Instead of coke or other carbonated drinks which contain lots of sugar, which are carbohydrates, these restaurants can introduce healthier alternatives like fruit juices, which will provide more vitamins.

Sources:

http://nutritiondata.self.com/

By: Farrell Nah, Wai Kit, Ryan Tan, Pei Ming (River)

Restaurant Menu Analysis

1. McDonald’s Hotcakes

Current Nutritional Values

Calories (kcal) -> 557

Proteins (g) -> 9

Fat (g) -> 18

Saturated Fat (g) -> 5.8

Carbohydrates (g) -> 91

Sodiums (mg) -> 680

Cholesterol (mg) -> 20

Dietary Fibres (g) -> 3

The problem with the current McDonald’s hotcakes is that they have too much calories and sodiums. The amount of calories and sodiums should be cut down as it would be a healthy meal. Too much calories might result in obesity and if the amount of calories is reduced, consumers need not worry about being obese. Too much sodium will also cause the consumer to suffer from some diseases. So, I think that the amount of calories and sodiums should be cut down so as to give consumers a healthier meal.

2. KFC

RESTAURANT MEAL: RANCHER MEAL

Ingredients involved + Cooking techniques: 

Burger– Bread, deep fried chicken, lettuce, cheese, special sauce

Whipped Potato– Potato, gravy

Cheese Fries– Cheese, Mayonnaise, Chopped Fresh Spring Onions, Fried Potato

Health Hazards/Benefits: 

A lot of fried foods can lead to heavy oil/fat contents. This may cause the body to have too much fats which may lead to the clogging of arteries. 

Meat and carbohydrates are dominant in the menu, thus it is lacking appropriate amounts of fibre. Lack of fibre can cause constipation. 

The ‘sauces’ may have high sodium content which can lead to high blood pressure. 

Improvements to be made: 

Chicken can be grilled instead of deep fried, and if frying is used vegetable oil is a healthier alternative to regular oil. 

More vegetables can be added into the menu, for example in the burger (cucumbers, pickles). 

Sauces can use natural flavorings instead of artificial ones. 

3. Subway

What ingredients and cooking methods are used in the menu

• bread
• minced beef patties
• cheese
• mushroom
• chicken
• potatoes (fries)
• lettuce
• tomatoes

• deep fry method is used
• grilled

1. Health hazards & benefits. 

• fatty/ oily
• High oil content -> fats

vegetables ->provide vitamins

1. Improvements to be made

• Use better cooking methods (grill/ steam)
• Add less salt when cooking
• Put more vegetables into the burgers

4. Burger King

Singles Mushroom Swiss Burger MEAL

MAIN BURGER: Singles Mushroom Swiss Burger

• Addition of lettuce and tomato for more dietary fibre.
• Instead of frying the beef patties, grill it or shallow fry it instead.

SIDE DISH: French Fries (M)

• Prevent deep frying by shallow frying or baking the fries to reduce fat amounts.
• Use vegetable or olive oil (less saturated (has more of the good cholesterol and won't clog up arteries)) to fry the dry.

DRINK: Coca Cola 

• Drink Diet Coke instead as it contains less sugars.
• Serve water or non-carbonated drinks instead.

By: Carissa, Desiree, Jemima, Justin

Marking Schemes For Workbook, Practical Book & Practice Worksheets

Workbook (Cells): https://docs.google.com/a/sst.edu.sg/file/d/0Bz_vGtwO7-4ZV0FzT010VkZnOUE/view

Practical Workbook (Cells & Microscopy): https://docs.google.com/a/sst.edu.sg/file/d/0Bz_vGtwO7-4ZRFE4UGszdnBydlU/view

Practice Worksheet: https://docs.google.com/a/sst.edu.sg/file/d/0Bz_vGtwO7-4ZUDMtOEc1ZlhfODA/view

Hierarchy of Cells Worksheet: https://docs.google.com/a/sst.edu.sg/file/d/0Bz_vGtwO7-4ZdVd5UWxJTEFVVkk/view

Definition of Death - Grp 4

Link to presentation : https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1wLZqgbQDOjcboqJrf1maU-A0j8nHfEQXTi3P9W8HrmU/edit

The Definition of Life

1. To be legally dead means when a person disappears and no identifiable remains can be located, and is subsequently declared legally dead. A legal death can also be a legal pronouncement by a qualified person that further medical care is not appropriate and that a patient should be considered dead under the law.
To be medically dead means the cessation of blood circulation and breathing, the two necessary criteria to sustain life. Should one have these symptoms, one should be declared dead.

Example: Mr Chua has stopped breathing and his pulse has stopped, is he dead?

2. Definitions of death have not changed a great deal, but that doesn't mean much. All we can really do is set criteria for who's dead, and that is tough enough, and we have no real definitive set of standards.
Different cultures have different ways of accepting death and different procedures to follow after the confirmation of death. Some believe in reincarnation and some believe a following into heaven or hell.

Example: Mr Chua has been declared dead, is he in heaven or attained nirvana?

3. Brain death occurs when a person no longer has any activity in their brain stem and no potential for consciousness, even though a ventilator is keeping their heart beating and oxygen circulating through their blood. When brain stem function is permanently lost, the person will be confirmed dead.
Brain dead is the irreversible end of all brain activity. Some of the criteria would be the person being unresponsive. There will be no facial sensation or response. There would be no response to light directly in their eyes.

Example: Mr Chua is dead, can he still sneeze?

4. Someone in a persistent vegetative state can show signs of wakefulness (they may open their eyes, for example) but have no response to their surroundings.

However, the important difference between PVS and brain death is that a patient with PVS still has a functioning brain stem, therefore:
Some form of consciousness may exist in someone in a PVS.
A person in a PVS can still breathe unaided.
A person in a PVS has a slim chance of recovering because the core functions of the brain stem are often unaffected, whereas a person with brain death has no chance of recovery as the body cannot survive without artificial support.

Example: Mr Chua has been in a coma for 3 years, yet he is still breathing and his core functions are still functioning, is he dead or in a vegetative state?

5. There is no strict way of defining death. Some of the other ethical issues would be concerning the certainty of diagnosis and about the medical steps that may be taken after death is pronounced. The definition of death is a moral issue and that confronting it as such vindicates the higher-brain approach.

For example, in the past, people were declared dead if organs were missing. However, due to technological advancements, organ transplants and blood transfusions have been made possible and have allowed people in near-death situations to survive. This has led to the ethical implication of people surviving when they should have been dead instead.

Human organs have been made possible to replace with other animal organs such as pigs, who have similar organs as people.

Example: Mr Chua’s organs are missing, is he dead?

By: Carissa, Chang Han, River, Crystal and Desiree :)

Definition of Life

1. What is the definition (legally and medically) of death?

Medical death is the cessation of all functions of the entire brain.

Legal death is a legal pronouncement by a qualified person that further medical care is not appropriate and that a patient should be considered dead under the law

2. How has the definition of death changed through the years and how does it vary across cultures?

If a person fell unconscious or was found so , the physician would feel for the pulse and listen for breathing , listen for breathing , hold a mirror to test for condensation in order to determine whether the individual is dead .   In 1740 , there was a theory that putrefaction is the only sure sign of death . However , people still wanted to find more ways to define death so they developed stethoscopes to detect heartbeat and confirm whether the person is dead . In 2000 , the EKG was invented and it is used to detect and measure cardiac functioning. 

Cultures - Although the final outcome of death is the same for all humans, cultures vary in how they conceptualize death and what happens when a person dies. In some cultures, death is conceived to involve different conditions, including sleep, illness, and reaching a certain age. In other cultures, death is said to occur only when there is a total cessation of life. Mostly what differs between culture is what happens after you die . Do you get reborn or do you shed your skin and continue life like that . In some cultures , they make distinctions between an acceptable death and a good death . A good death is where you simply wait till your body ceases functioning . While a good death is adjusting to social standards and doing meaningful things before you die . Some South Pacific cultures believe that life, as is generally construed, departs the body of a person in different situations, such as when one is ill or asleep. Thus conceptualized, people can be said to "die" several times before the final death. Where as another culture believes that life ends at the edge of 40 and even if you live beyond that , you are still considered dead .

3. What are some criteria the medical community uses to determine if one is “brain dead”?

 Criteria for brain death:

No response to pain, no cranial nerve reflexes(e.g. pupillary response, oculocephalic reflex, corneal reflex, no response to the caloric reflex test and no spontaneous respirations.

4. Describe some difference between “persistent vegetative state” and “brain death” 

- A brain-dead patient is unconscious, has lost the capacity to breathe and requires mechanical respiration, where as a person in persistent vegetative state is able to breathe by him/herself. 

- For brain dead people with full supportive treatment, his/her heart will soon stop, usually only after a few days. Whereas if given adequate treatment persons in a vegetative state can survive for years.

 5. What are some of the ethical implications of these definitions of death? Provide some real-life examples

The ethical question is whether a new, brain-oriented definition of death would lead to abandonment of patients who might have responded to continued medical care.

Under the clinical standard, death will be pronounced in cases in which there is an irreversible loss of brain functions while respiration is artificially supplied. However, with what assurance can a qualified person state that the relevant organs will not resume functioning in a person diagnosed to have lost certain vital functions? 

There was a family feud over ending life support for Terri Schiavo in the United States in 2005. Another example would be a British couple's fight to save their severely handicapped baby Charlotte Wyatt in 2003, when doctors wanted to give up on her.

From : Shaun , Mason , Jia Qi , Kai En and Owen 

Definition of Life (the 5 questions) by Farrell, Justin, Jemima, Dean, Wai Kit

1. What is the definition (legally and medically) of death?

Legal death is a legal pronouncement by a qualified person that further medical care is not appropriate and that a patient should be considered dead under the law.

Death is the permanent cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, defines death as a point in time at which brain activity ceases.

2. How has the definition of death changed through the years and how does it vary across cultures?

Death was once defined as the cessation of a heartbeat and or breathing, but with CPR and defibrillation, these are now unreliable as heartbeat and breathing can sometimes be restarted. In the past, death also meant the loss of essential organs, but with advances in science, it is possible to sustain life even if the person has to heart, lungs or other organs.

Definitions of death have been greatly affected by religion, where it is treated as an interlude to another stage of existence. The concept of resurrection (Abrahmic religions), reincarnation (Dharmic religions), consciousness ceasing to exist (atheism) or and afterlife, commonly involving a "heaven" and "hell"

3. What are some criteria the medical community uses to determine if one is “brain dead”?

Brain Death is the absence of clinical brain function when the proximate cause is known and demonstrably irreversible. 

Criteria includes:

a) Must be in Coma or unresponsive--no pain reflex

b)Absence of Brain stem reflexes eg: no response to light, no blinking, no coughing, no gagging reflex, cannot focus on one spot

c) No breathing--Apnea

4. Describe some difference between “persistent vegetative state” and “brain death”

Persistent Vegetative State means that the brain has at least a single function left alive, and can at least hold one reflex based on the criteria above. Brain death means there is completely no reflexes at all.

5. What are some of the ethical implications of these definitions of death? Provide some real-life examples

In the past, as death was inevitable when internal organs were missing, it was often that people of such victims would be proclaimed dead. However, with the recent advancements for blood transfusion and organ transplants, it allows for patients to survive. With this concept of 'escaping death', certain religions object to the use of blood transfusions due to the idea of impurity. This ethical issue has to do with the idea of either saving someone or letting them die in the name of the religion.

One current law implemented is that families/guardians have control over the life and death of a person within a persistent vegetative state. To put them out of pain, or to allow them to survive? This ethical issue deals with the concept of human suffering. Unlike normal death, a persistent vegetative state allows the body to function but not as fully as before. Families can decide to medically stop their heart, but the moral dilemma is of the "cruelty" and "immorality" behind it.

A current practice now is to use the bodies of those who are proclaimed deceased (usually brain dead) for medical practices. In several medical schools, bodies are used to practice surgery especially for the juniors. Families (or the deceased when he was alive) would have signed the documents, but it leads to the ethical issue of how the body is disposed/used after death. Many people view this as a defilement to the corpse, but for the scientific and medical advancement purposes, is it right to perform surgery on the dead?

Lesson 1 Slides & Video Resource

Slides: Biological Definition of Life

YouTube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvMBJZLEwFs